Visible-Light Intensity
Sphaerodactylus Gecko & Light-Dependent Motion Detection - Findings: Geckos from dark forest habitats detected motion best at 10 lux, whereas geckos from bright coastal habitats performed best at 200-300 lux. Motion detection declined in both populations above 300 lux. The interaction between habitat and experimental illuminance was significant (F = 18.4, p < 0.0001).
Divergence of visual motion detection in diurnal geckos that inhabit bright and dark habitats
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01565.x
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01565.x
Access: Free full text.
Central Bearded Dragon & Illumination-Dependent Color Change - Findings: Bearded dragons were tested at visible irradiances of 2.084, 3.133 and 5.107 umol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. Animals were darkest at the highest irradiance and matched their backgrounds more closely under the two lower irradiances. Temperature remained at 34.9 ± 0.5°C, separating the response from a heating effect.
Geographic divergence and colour change in response to visual backgrounds and illumination intensity in bearded dragons
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.148544
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.148544
Access: Free full text.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spectral Composition
Fruit Flies, Mosquitoes and Flour Beetles & Short-Wavelength Visible Light - Findings: Under high, continuous experimental exposure, Drosophila pupal mortality exceeded 90% at 467 nm and 70% at 440 nm using 3.0 × 10¹⁸ photons m⁻² s⁻¹. Exposure at 440, 456 or 467 nm produced 100% mortality at 4.0 × 10¹⁸ photons m⁻² s⁻¹, while 508, 657 and 732 nm did not. Effective wavelengths differed among species: 417 nm was most harmful to mosquito pupae, while 404-467 nm killed all exposed flour-beetle pupae at 2.0 × 10¹⁸ photons m⁻² s⁻¹.
Lethal effects of short-wavelength visible light on insects
DOI: 10.1038/srep07383
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07383
Access: Free full text.
Freshwater Amphipod & Cool-White LED versus High-Pressure Sodium Light - Findings: At the same illuminance of 2 lux, both 4000 K cool-white LED and 2000 K high-pressure sodium light reduced prey consumption relative to darkness when no predator cue was present (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001). Cool-white LED exposure also increased prey-handling time relative to darkness and high-pressure sodium light (both p < 0.001) and increased shelter use relative to high-pressure sodium light (p = 0.012).
Artificial light at night alters foraging behavior of freshwater amphipods depending on the light spectrum and the presence of predation cues
DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoae061
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoae061
Access: Free full text.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Full-Spectrum Lighting
King Baboon Spider and Indian Giant Scorpion & Full-Spectrum Lighting - Findings: Following 29 days of 12-hour full-spectrum exposure at UVI 1.6-2.0, scorpions were never observed outside their hides, compared with 32 of 64 observations under ambient light. Cortisol immunoreactivity increased from 314.184 ± 58 to 886 ± 233 pg/mL in spiders (2.8-fold, p = 0.0215) and from 387.785 ± 25 to 668.935 ± 115 pg/mL in scorpions (1.7-fold, p = 0.039). The lamp simultaneously increased visible light, UVA, UVB and minor heat, so the responsible component cannot be isolated.
Full Spectrum Lighting Induces Behavioral Changes and Increases Cortisol Immunoreactivity in Captive Arachnids
DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1872027
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.1872027
Access: Free full text.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Color Temperature
Spongy Moth & LED Color Temperature - Findings: At the eighth larval instar, caterpillars exposed to 3700 K nighttime light averaged 442 mg, compared with 287 mg under 2200 K light (p = 0.03). Mortality, pupation timing, pupal mass and pupal duration did not differ significantly. The experiment used approximately 400 lux, which the authors identified as higher than most ordinary street-level exposures.
Artificial Light at Night Affects Larval Growth Without Altering Survival or Pupation in Spongy Moth (Lymantria dispar dispar)
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.72311
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72311
Access: Free full text.
Holarctic Amphipod & Warm versus Cold LED Light - Findings: Amphipods were tested under 3200 K and 5600 K light gradients from 0.1 to 30 lux. Responses differed with color temperature, population and shelter availability. Warm-light intensity produced significantly different behavior at 2-2.5 versus 10-11 lux, while cold-light intensity did not. Shelters reduced locomotor activity under 3200 K light at 10-11 lux and 5600 K light at 2-2.5 lux. The authors did not identify a universally less disruptive color temperature.
Effects of Long-Term Urban Light Pollution and LED Light Color Temperature on the Behavior of a Holarctic Amphipod Gammarus lacustris Sars
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology4030023
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology4030023
Access: Free full text.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Color Rendering
Reptiles, Insects, Arachnids & Animal-Relevant Spectral Coverage - Findings: Visual-pigment data from 213 species were compared with four lamp technologies. Narrow-spectrum low-pressure sodium stimulated approximately 5 ± 3.66% of the modeled visual range in arachnids and 13.1 ± 2.4% in birds. Metal-halide lighting stimulated approximately 77.9 ± 5.4% in arachnids and 97.1 ± 2.1% in mammals. This study did not test CRI. It shows why a human color-rendering score cannot substitute for animal-specific spectral coverage.
Artificial light pollution: are shifting spectral signatures changing the balance of species interactions?
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12166
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12166
Access: Free full text.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flicker and Modulation
Nocturnal Insects & LED Flicker Frequency and Duty Cycle - Findings: Traps were tested with 120 or 240 Hz square-wave flicker at 10% or 90% duty cycles. Total captures decreased by 33.6% at 120 Hz and 10%, 24.4% at 120 Hz and 90%, 23.2% at 240 Hz and 10%, and 12.9% at 240 Hz and 90%. Significant reductions of 27.4-39.6% occurred for Diptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera under specific flicker settings.
Effects of flickering light on the attraction of nocturnal insects
DOI: 10.1177/1477153515602143
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153515602143
Access: Free full text in an institutional repository.
Bollworm Moth & Flicker-Fusion Frequency - Findings: Under green light peaking at 520 nm and an intensity of 165 ± 5 µW/cm², the average flicker-fusion frequency was approximately 82 Hz. Individual results ranged from 61 to 90 Hz. Group averages ranged from 78 Hz in laboratory-reared males to 88 Hz in laboratory-reared females.
Flicker Fusion Frequency of the Compound Eye of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
DOI: 10.1093/aesa/64.4.942
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/64.4.942
Access: Free abstract; full text may require access.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Daylight Simulation
Puerto Rican Crested Toad & Simulated Dusk and Dawn - Findings: A dim light was provided from 7-10 p.m. and 4-7 a.m., with darkness maintained from 10 p.m.-4 a.m. The simulated transitions affected the proportion of active toads (p = 0.016) and increased full-body movements (p < 0.001). Prey consumption, evening emergence and morning hiding times did not change significantly.
Effects of Simulated Dusk and Dawn on Activity and Feeding of Puerto Rican Crested Toads (Peltophryne lemur) in Captivity
DOI: 10.1002/zoo.70055
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.70055
Access: Free full text.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Visible-Light Behavior
Gray Treefrog & Visible Light During Nocturnal Feeding - Findings: Foraging was compared under 0.003 lux ambient light, 4.1 lux red-filtered light, 3.8 lux white light and 12 lux white light. Every enhanced-light treatment significantly reduced prey detection and consumption relative to the 0.003-lux condition. Red-filtered visible light was therefore not behaviorally neutral.
Effects of enhanced lighting on the behaviour of nocturnal frogs
DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1993.1109
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1109
Access: Free author-uploaded full text.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Visible-Light Endocrine Effects
African Clawed Frog Retina & Wavelength-Dependent Melatonin Suppression - Findings: Half-saturating intensities at 400, 440, 480 and 533 nm were approximately 1.0-1.8 × 10⁸ quanta cm⁻² s⁻¹. Suppression required 4.3 × 10⁸ quanta cm⁻² s⁻¹ at 580 nm and 5 × 10⁹ quanta cm⁻² s⁻¹ at 650 nm. This indicates substantially lower sensitivity to orange and red light than to violet, blue and green wavelengths.
Spectral sensitivity of melatonin synthesis suppression in Xenopus eyecups
DOI: 10.1017/S0952523898153099
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523898153099
Access: Free author-uploaded full text; publisher abstract is free.
African Clawed Frog Tadpoles & Pinopsin-Regulated Melatonin - Findings: More than 90% of pinopsin-expressing pineal cells were also positive for the melatonin-synthesis enzyme Aanat. Gene-edited tadpoles lacking normal pinopsin activity showed impaired daylight suppression of melatonin and significantly reduced daytime locomotor activity (p < 0.0001). Frog pinopsin is sensitive to blue light at approximately 470 nm.
Pinopsin Regulates Melatonin Production and Daily Locomotor Activity: Functional Insights From Gene-Edited Xenopus Tadpoles
DOI: 10.1111/jpi.70114
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.70114
Access: Free full text.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spectral Preference and Avoidance
Fruit Fly Larvae & Wavelength-Dependent Light Avoidance - Findings: Larvae avoided energy-matched UV-A at 368 nm, blue light at 466 nm and green light at 514 nm using irradiances of 69-72 µW/cm². Avoidance persisted from foraging through wandering larval stages and was mediated primarily by Rhodopsin-5 photoreceptors. The response therefore covered a much broader spectrum than the pigment's blue sensitivity alone would suggest.
Age- and Wavelength-Dependency of Drosophila Larval Phototaxis and Behavioral Responses to Natural Lighting Conditions
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00066
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00066
Access: Free full text.
Asian Longhorned Beetle & Visible-Wavelength Preference - Findings: Females showed trapping rates of 70.71% at 420 nm and 70% at 435 nm. Male trapping rates were 70.32% and 68.61% at the same wavelengths. Red light at 660 nm produced the lowest trapping rates at approximately 39-43%. Attraction also varied with time of day, reaching 74-82% at 420-435 nm between midnight and 2 a.m.
Research on Photoinduction-Based Technology for Trapping Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky, 1853) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
DOI: 10.3390/insects14050465
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050465
Access: Free full text.
